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<title>Mythologie de la Mesopotamie: Génies</title>
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<h1 align=center style='margin-top:18.0pt;text-align:center'><a name=top></a><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>GENIES.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes'><img
width=700 height=15 id="_x0000_i1025"
src="/assets/images/CD-Bible/Gilgamesh/Mythologie%20de%20la%20Mesopotamie%20G%C3%A9nies_fichiers/line.png"></span><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td valign=top style='padding:6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:16.05pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:19.65pt;line-height:19.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:16.05pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:19.65pt;line-height:19.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'>Au-dessous des
dieux, mais participant néanmoins de leur nature et partageant avec eux
certaines prérogatives, se trouvaient les génies, les <span class=green>utukku</span>,
répartis en deux groupes : les bons et les mauvais. Dans la mythologie
akkadienne, ils portaient le nom d'<span class=green>utukki</span>, et ils
étaient sept mauvais démons, descendants d'<a
href="/CD-Bible/Gilgamesh/Mythologie%20mesopotamie%20%20Anou.htm"><span style='color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'>Anu et Antu</span></a>. <br>
Plus encore que les dieux, ces génies étaient étroitement mêlés à la vie
humaine.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:16.05pt;margin-bottom:
0cm;margin-left:19.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:19.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly'><a name=debut><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'>BONS GENIES <o:p></o:p></span></b></a></p>
</div>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:16.05pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:19.65pt;line-height:19.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span
style='mso-bookmark:debut'><span style='font-size:13.0pt;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'>Les bons génies, qu'on appelait <span class=green>shedu</span>
ou <span class=green>lamassu</span>, jouaient auprès de l'homme le rôle de
protecteurs. Ils le défendaient contre les puissances mauvaises, portaient
aux dieux ses hommages et attiraient sur lui la faveur divine. On les voyait
se dresser à la porte des temples sous la forme de taureaux ailés à face humaine.
Mais ils ne se bornaient pas à ce rôle de gardiens des enceintes sacrées.
Invisibles et présents, ils se tenaient aux côtés des hommes, les suivaient
dans la rue, à la guerre, car, ainsi qu'il était dit, « <em>celui qui n'a pas
de dieux lorsqu'il marche dans la rue, le mal de tête le couvre comme un
vêtement </em>».</span></span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:16.05pt;margin-bottom:
0cm;margin-left:19.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:19.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'>MAUVAIS GENIES </span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:16.05pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:19.65pt;line-height:19.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'>C'est qu'à tout
instant l'homme est en butte aux forces malfaisantes, représentées par les
mauvais outoukkou. Ce sont d'abord les <span class=green>edimmu</span> (âmes
des morts) qui n'ont pas reçu de sépulture ou à qui l'on a négligé de rendre
le culte funéraire : ils se vengent en tourmentant les vivants. Encore
ceux-là peut-on les apaiser en leur offrant un repas funèbre, le Kispu, ou
une libation d'eau. Mais il faut compter avec d'autres utukku plus redoutables.
Issus du monde inférieur, de l'arallou, ou émanés « <em>de la bile d'Ea </em>»,
ces mauvais génies accablent les hommes de maladies, leur inspirent des
actions criminelles, jettent la désunion dans les familles, font périr les
troupeaux. On a raison de les comparer à « l'ouragan qui avec fureur se
déchaîne dans les cieux » ou au « vent qui se lève et jette l'obscurité sur
le jour brillant ». Nul moyen de les apaiser, car « ils n'écoutent ni la
prière ni la supplication ». On a vu qu'ils ne respectaient pas les dieux
eux-mêmes et qu'ils osèrent un jour s'attaquer à Sîn, dont ils voulurent
éclipser la lumière bienfaisante. <br>
Que sont au juste ces esprits malfaisants ? <br>
On l'ignore. Tout au plus sait-on qu'«<em> ils ne prennent pas de femmes,
qu'ils n'enfantent pas</em> ». Sept d'entre eux sont particulièrement
dangereux. « <em>Ils sont enfantés dans la montagne de l'Ouest, ils se font
une demeure dans les trous de la terre, ils habitent dans les ruines de la
terre. </em>» Quand ils se manifestent aux mortels, c'est sous la forme
d'êtres terrifiants : ils ont un corps humain, une tête de lion hérissée de
cornes, et des pieds armés de puissantes griffes. On ne peut les chasser que
par les incantations et les exorcismes, en recourant au conjurateur, <span
class=green>ashipu</span>, dont le rôle essentiel consistait à diagnostiquer
le mal et à déterminer quel démon ou parfois quel dieu provoquait la maladie
chez le patient. Puis il essayait de le guérir au moyen de charmes de prières
et d incantations.</span><span style='font-size:13.0pt'> <a name=ico></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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